writing prompts about bilingualism research

The most common second languages were Spanish (141 speakers), French (41 speakers) and German (20 speakers).
Yes Second, we examined whether the WM measure showing a significant bilingual advantage (n-back composite) was associated with some key features of bilingual experience (L2 AoA, L2 proficiency, frequency of language switching) within the bilingual participants. The overall ratio of languages to people is only about 1 to 5000. In light of the complexity of the literature, this review uses a combination of a sociohistorical and a methodological approach, in which the aim is to situate the questions in terms of the prevailing zeitgeist and methodologies available at different points in the research enterprise. Summarize research and explain what another has said or written in your own words. So far, most studies on bilingualism have focused on comparing bilinguals to monolinguals, with less attention given to individual differences within the bilingual groups. WM was measured by three WM composites that were derived from a previous latent factor analysis [43]. The overall switching condition when compared with non-switching condition activated the language control network, including the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the right ACC, and right caudate. We have shown through dedicating our lives to research applied in practice that this is not true. W.K. S. Romaine, in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), 2006. The final sample comprised 485 participants.

Thus, some of the earlier hypotheses examined in the bilingual neuropsychological literature are untenable because they rely on assumptions about the brain, language, or bilingualism that have not been supported. Due to the complexity of its nature, the study of bilingualism relies on several fields within linguistics, anthropology, psychology, neuroscience, and education. It is a temporary memory system that acts as a constantly updated “mental platform” for information relevant for current activities and goals that we are focusing at.

No moderating effects on WM were found for L2 proficiency. Bilingualism and multilingualism are a normal and unremarkable necessity of everyday life for the majority of the world's population. We addressed these issues by recruiting a large online sample, matching mono- and bilingual participants on several background variables, using an extensive WM test battery that included more complex tasks, and basing our WM measures on the latent structure of the tasks. With regard to more qualitative features of bilingual experience that might enhance executive functions, one prominent candidate is the frequency of switching between two languages [36], as it arguably requires suppressing one language and activating the other [9, 37]. endobj

In the next step, we employed a within-group approach to study whether some aspects of bilingual experience were associated with n-back performance, the only WM composite that showed consistent evidence for language group differences. Crowding their brain with two or more languages, this research suggested, not only leads children to linguistic deficiency, both in competence and performance levels (semi-lingualism, stuttering, etc. However, they did not study whether the outcomes depended on matching of the bilingual and monolingual samples on socioeconomic status (SES) or education. No, Is the Subject Area "Publication ethics" applicable to this article? Roles Table 5 summarizes both models. In a different study, Abutalebi et al. Early bilinguals were significantly more proficient in their L2 (t(263) = 6.94, p < .001).

We did not consider gender or childhood SES as basis for matching, since there was no difference on those variables between the unmatched groups. (2007) applied this paradigm to a group of late Chinese–English bilinguals. As globalization advances, more people become bilingual or multilingual thus establishing bilingualism as the standard rather than the exception (Grosjean & Li, 2013). For instance, when bilinguals named pictures or read words aloud in their L2, this area was more activated in highly proficient bilinguals than in monolinguals (Jones et al., 2012). W. Grabe, R.B. Some view Innovation as an abstract, serendipitous event. Bayesian ANCOVA yielded a Bayes Factor BF10 = 10.98 for language group as compared to a null model with just the covariates, indicating substantial support for the hypothesis that the language groups differ in the n-back task. Certain codes are typically used in certain domains; e.g., in Malaysia, Standard Malay is generally used in the more public and formal domains, whereas Bazaar Malay is used in interactions with the non-Malays in the market place. We applied two complementary analysis approaches. In their meta-analysis, Linck and colleagues [58] focused specifically on late bilinguals and proficient L2 learners, showing that L2 processing and proficiency measures were positively associated with WM.
Data curation, The role of the left caudate seems to be restricted to language in early and highly proficient bilinguals in tasks that involve language production and comprehension (see Ma et al., 2014 for involvement of caudate in late bilinguals more proficient in L2). Either way, the subject needs to be interesting: Ask your teacher for some facts about his or … A different perceptive task was used by Abutalebi et al. Bilingualism as an individual condition is nested within a distribution of broader societal circumstances that cause language contact. The studies designed to investigate “sustained” processes in language control showed consistent activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the SMA/ACC, whereas those more related to the “transient” process circumscribed the neural basis of language switching to the SMA/ACC. (2009) studied “transient” changes of language in low-proficient bilinguals using a single digit naming task. In the Bayesian ANCOVA, the Bayes Factor for language group was BF10 = 8.26. Adesope and colleagues [21], investigating the effects of bilingualism on cognition in children and young adults, pooled together various WM measures from four studies and found a moderate BEA effect (g = .48). The three groups did not differ significantly on any of the background variables (p’s > .1). The below service offerings could get you a step closer to answering this question. Age was a significant covariate (p < .01), with higher age being related to a lower visuospatial WM performance. What are the main reasons why most people never bother learning their country’s official second language?

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