how to write a research paper using secondary sources

This information can be obtained either in their final research report or through contacting the authors directly. For instance, you might have preferred participants’ age to be in the form of a continuous variable (i.e., you want your participants to have indicated their specific age). Like recruiting your participants, choosing and preparing your measures, and spending days (or months) collecting your data. There are often travel and transportation costs.

We would conclude that the secondary data from our first research example has a high quality. At this point, we should ask: “What are the methods of secondary research?” and “When do we use each of these methods?” Here, we can differentiate between three methods of secondary research: using a secondary data set in isolation, combining two secondary data sets, and combining secondary and primary data sets. Sample was representative (women from different backgrounds); large sample size (N = 975); low number of missing values; confounders controlled for (e.g., age, education, partnership status); analyses appropriate (regression), Sample representativeness not reported; sufficient sample sizes (N1 = 453, N2 = 488); low number of missing values; confounders not controlled for; analyses appropriate (descriptive statistics), Sample was representative (participants of different backgrounds, from different boat communities); sufficient sample size (N = 30); analyses appropriate (thematic analysis), Outline all variables of interest; Transfer data to a new file; Address missing data; Recode variables; Calculate final scores; Analyse the data. Another type of internal data is transport data. But the secondary data set may contain a categorical age variable; for example, participants might have indicated an age group they belong to (e.g., 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, etc.). This study might have interviewed some 30 participants and noted the four most important reasons people live on boats: (1) they can lead a transient lifestyle, (2) they have an increased sense of freedom, (3) they feel that they are “world citizens”, and (4) they can more easily visit their family members who live in different locations.

To take an example: One of your secondary data sets may focus on a target population’s tendency to smoke cigarettes, while the other data set focuses on the same population’s tendency to drink alcohol. In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used. Along these lines, a secondary study provides a summary, interpretation, analysis, or reviews of primary evidence. The original research question that guided this research could have been: “to what extent do pregnant women experience a range of mental health difficulties, including stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and paranoid thoughts?” The original researchers might have outlined women’s nationality, but weren’t particularly interested in investigating the link between women’s nationality and anxiety at different pregnancy stages. Secondary sources are articles that help people to understand their research topics.

Published on July 25, 2018 by Courtney Gahan. For example, encyclopedia articles provide a short and up-to-date summary of a topic. When evaluating the quality of a secondary data set, the evaluation of the employed methodology may be the most crucial step.

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Having considered all the things outlined in the steps above, what can you conclude regarding the quality of your secondary data set? Note that this example combines qualitative and quantitative data. But how do you discover if there is past data that could be useful for your research? For instance, data that you will use for your secondary research project has been collected by researchers who are likely to have had years of experience in recruiting representative participant samples, designing studies, and using specific measurement tools. Original authors should have documented all their sample characteristics, measures, procedures, and protocols.

Let’s put this step of identifying the aim of the original study in practice, by referring to our three research examples. (2014) in which Rabbitt (1982) was cited, and you were unable to read Rabbitt’s work yourself, cite Rabbitt’s work as the original source, followed by Lyon et al.’s work as the secondary source. But if the original researchers did not establish the reliability and validity of their data, this may limit its reliability and validity for your research as well. In turn, people should know what is a primary source since it contains original information derived from research, observations, or experience. Your final step consists of analysing the data. A further step in evaluating a secondary data set is to ask yourself who has collected the data. In your own research, you may thus be looking at whether there is a correlation between smoking and drinking among this population. The reason for this is simple: if the data was collected a long time ago, you may conclude that it is outdated.

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