how does this document help explain why americans repealed prohibition? thesis

The conventions took up it swiftly and delegates cast their ballots for repeal as if in a race for time. The 11-member panel released its findings and recommendations about Prohibition in a lengthy report in January 1931. In 1926, 81 percent of people polled by the Newspaper Enterprise Association favored modifying the Prohibition statute or outright repeal of the amendment. The House and Senate passed it in February 1933 and sent it to the states for final approval. Meanwhile, the Anti-Saloon League, the lobby group most responsible for winning over Congress to pass Prohibition laws in 1919, had lost its clout and could no longer raise funds from the public to pay its bills. It was the first time in U.S. history that the country amended the Constitution to repeal a previous amendment. The purpose of that requirement was political — to prevent the Anti-Saloon League lobby and “dry” legislators from bottling up the amendment in the state legislatures. In the meantime, state conventions, one by one, ratified the 21st Amendment, starting with Michigan. The bureau estimated that 118 million gallons of illicit wine and 683 million gallons of beer were produced in 1930. But importantly, the Wickersham panel advised Congress and the states to pass a modified version of the 18th Amendment, reducing it to a simple paragraph, giving Congress the right to regulate or prohibit manufacturing, transportation of intoxicating liquors within the United States. They had long seen people openly drinking illegal alcoholic beverages that were available almost everywhere. Some farmers lost their farms, others were affected by crippling droughts. As early as 1922, 40 percent of people polled by. For the first time in American history, a Constitutional amendment had been repealed. The Republican got her million-strong Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform to endorse Roosevelt. Prohibition exhibited many of the characteristics of most progressive reforms. Despite this legislation, millions of Americans drank liquor illegally, giving rise to bootlegging, speakeasies, and a period of gangsterism. They read news stories of murders and bombings in the big cities, perpetrated by organized crime members made rich from bootlegging liquor, wine and beer and smuggling it by land, sea and air. Added to that was the difficulty of effectively patrolling almost 12,000 miles of shoreline on the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Coast with many inlets and hiding places for smugglers, about 3,000 miles in the Great Lakes region, plus rural areas with mountains, swamps and forests. Organized gangs of liquor racketeers corrupted local politics through “tribute” payments or bribes to allow the transport of illegal liquor. If you want to distill any hard liquor, to brew beer or make wine in order to sell it commercially, you need a federal permit from the Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau of the U.S. Treasury Department, and pay the federal taxes on what you produce. By 1929, after nine years of Prohibition, many Americans were discouraged. Prominent dry leaders made statements to reporters to take a last swipe at Roosevelt’s bill, the Beer-Wine Revenue Act. National prohibition was over. But the act would serve to elevate national morale by legalizing beer and wine and raise badly needed tax money for the government. Control of licensing and regulating alcoholic beverages was now mostly a matter of state law. Few states were assisting federal agents in investigating and prosecuting violations of Volstead. He was taking in as much as $60 million to as high as $100 million a year from bootlegging while corrupting police, judges and politicians through cash payoffs. Meanwhile, the bureau had only 1,786 agents, investigators and special agents. On November 7, 1933, only nine months after Congress sent the repeal vote to the states, Utah became the 36. to approve it, the last required out of the 48 to place it into the Constitution. Congress passed the act nine days later, Roosevelt signed it on March 22, 1933, and it went into effect on April 7. The new amendment barred transportation or importation of intoxicating liquors into any state of the United States in violation of the state’s laws. As early as 1922, 40 percent of people polled by Literary Digest magazine were for modifying the National Prohibition Act (regulating alcohol, also known as the Volstead Act), and 20 percent backed repealing the 18th Amendment. Commissioners said that even after the reforms, “there is yet no adequate observance or enforcement” of the Volstead Act. The news of the brutal mass slaying shocked the country, including proponents of Prohibition. When the Wickersham Commission’s report came out, the nation was well into the Depression.

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